Parts/Cooling/Direct liquid cooling, warm water
Cooling · DLC · 2012
Direct liquid cooling, warm water
Cold plates fed with water warm enough to reject heat without mechanical chillers. The default for exascale-class cabinets.
Why this part
The single most consequential facility decision on this site, and its defining feature is what it removes: warm water is already hot enough to reject to outside air through dry coolers, so the mechanical chillers disappear from the design and with them a large fraction of the building's non-compute power. That is what a PUE close to 1.03 means at LUMI or Frontier. It also means the heat comes out at a temperature worth reusing, which is why several European sites feed district heating. Nearly every machine at the top of the list runs it, and no exascale system could have been built without it.
Systems using this part
- Systems
- 64
- Rmax underneath
- 9.18 EFlop/s
- Units recorded
- -
0 of 64 edges disclose a quantity
| System | Role | Country | Units | System Rmax | Supplied by | Rank |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HoreKa 2 2026-08 | Cooling | Germany | - | - | Lenovo | - |
| HPC7 2026-06 | Cooling | Italy | - | 571.5 PFlop/s | Hewlett Packard Enterprise | #6 → |
| Mary Coombs 2025-10 | Cooling | United Kingdom | - | - | Lenovo | - |
| JUPITER 2025-09 | Cooling | Germany | - | 1.00 EFlop/s | Eviden now Atos | #5 → |
| Isambard-AI Phase 2 2025-06 | Cooling | United Kingdom | - | 216.5 PFlop/s | Hewlett Packard Enterprise | #13 → |
| Hunter 2025-01 | Cooling | Germany | - | 31.68 PFlop/s | Hewlett Packard Enterprise | #54 → |
| El Capitan 2024-11 | Cooling | USA | - | 1.81 EFlop/s | Hewlett Packard Enterprise | #2 → |
| HPC6 2024-11 | Cooling | Italy | - | 477.9 PFlop/s | Hewlett Packard Enterprise | #8 → |
| ROMEO-2025 2024-11 | Cooling | France | - | 9.86 PFlop/s | Eviden now Atos | #2 → |
| Isambard-AI 2024-07 | Cooling | United Kingdom | - | 7.42 PFlop/s | Hewlett Packard Enterprise | #238 → |
| CEA-HE 2024-06 | Cooling | France | - | 90.79 PFlop/s | Eviden now Atos | #29 → |
| Venado 2024-04 | Cooling | USA | - | 98.51 PFlop/s | Hewlett Packard Enterprise | #26 → |
| JEDI 2024-04 | Cooling | Germany | - | 4.50 PFlop/s | Eviden now Atos | #1 → |
| Alps 2024-03 | Cooling | Switzerland | - | 434.9 PFlop/s | Hewlett Packard Enterprise | #14 → |
| MUSICA 2024 | Cooling | Austria | - | 31.84 PFlop/s | Lenovo | #50 → |
| PITAGORA 2024 | Cooling | Italy | - | 27.90 PFlop/s | Lenovo | #44 → |
| Aurora 2023-12 | Cooling | USA | - | 1.01 EFlop/s | Hewlett Packard Enterprise | #2 → |
| MareNostrum 5 ACC 2023-12 | Cooling | Spain | - | 138.2 PFlop/s | Eviden now Atos | #8 → |
| Shaheen III 2023-11 | Cooling | Saudi Arabia | - | 35.66 PFlop/s | Hewlett Packard Enterprise | #64 → |
| Quriosity (2023) 2023-05 | Cooling | Germany | - | - | Hewlett Packard Enterprise | - |
| Crossroads 2023 | Cooling | USA | - | 30.03 PFlop/s | Hewlett Packard Enterprise | #79 → |
| MareNostrum 5 GPP 2023 | Cooling | Spain | - | 40.10 PFlop/s | Eviden now Atos | #61 → |
| Leonardo 2022-11 | Cooling | Italy | - | 241.2 PFlop/s | Eviden now Atos | #18 → |
| LUMI 2022-06 | Cooling | Finland | - | 379.7 PFlop/s | Hewlett Packard Enterprise | #3 → |
| Frontier 2022-05 | Cooling | USA | - | 1.35 EFlop/s | Hewlett Packard Enterprise | #8 → |
| VSC-5 2022 | Cooling | Austria | - | 2.31 PFlop/s | MEGWARE | #301 → |
| ARCHER2 2021-11 | Cooling | United Kingdom | - | 19.54 PFlop/s | Hewlett Packard Enterprise | #22 → |
| Baskerville 2021-09 | Cooling | United Kingdom | - | 2.34 PFlop/s | Lenovo | #445 → |
| Perlmutter 2021-05 | Cooling | USA | - | 79.23 PFlop/s | Hewlett Packard Enterprise | #28 → |
| Vega 2021-04 | Cooling | Slovenia | - | 6.92 PFlop/s | Eviden now Atos | #106 → |
| Guru 2021 | Cooling | South Korea | - | 18.00 PFlop/s | Lenovo | #24 → |
| Maru 2021 | Cooling | South Korea | - | 18.00 PFlop/s | Lenovo | #28 → |
| CEA-HF 2021 | Cooling | France | - | 23.24 PFlop/s | Eviden now Atos | #14 → |
| Tursa 2021 | Cooling | United Kingdom | - | 5.23 PFlop/s | Eviden now Atos | #95 → |
| Expanse 2020-12 | Cooling | USA | - | 2.48 PFlop/s | Dell Technologies | #153 → |
| JUWELS Booster 2020-11 | Cooling | Germany | - | 44.12 PFlop/s | Eviden now Atos | #31 → |
| Betzy 2020-11 | Cooling | Norway | - | 4.72 PFlop/s | Eviden now Atos | #55 → |
| Fugaku 2020-06 | Cooling | Japan | - | 442.0 PFlop/s | Fujitsu | #54 → |
| Hawk 2020-02 | Cooling | Germany | - | 19.33 PFlop/s | Hewlett Packard Enterprise | #16 → |
| Big Red 200 2020-01 | Cooling | USA | - | 2.43 PFlop/s | Hewlett Packard Enterprise | #205 → |
| Gadi 2020 | Cooling | Australia | - | 9.26 PFlop/s | Fujitsu | #24 → |
| CARA 2019 | Cooling | Germany | - | 1.75 PFlop/s | NEC | #221 → |
| SuperMUC-NG 2018-09 | Cooling | Germany | - | 19.48 PFlop/s | Lenovo | #8 → |
| ABCI 2018-08 | Cooling | Japan | - | 19.88 PFlop/s | Fujitsu | #7 → |
| Govorun 2018 | Cooling | Russia | - | - | RSC Group | - |
| TSUBAME3.0 2017-08 | Cooling | Japan | - | 8.13 PFlop/s | SGI now Hewlett Packard Enterprise | #59 → |
| Tera-1000-2 2017 | Cooling | France | - | 11.97 PFlop/s | Eviden now Atos | #184 → |
| CoolMUC-3 2017 | Cooling | Germany | - | - | MEGWARE | - |
| Sunway TaihuLight 2016-06 | Cooling | China | - | 93.01 PFlop/s | NRCPC | #87 → |
| SuperMUC Phase 2 2015-06 | Cooling | Germany | - | 2.81 PFlop/s | Lenovo | #21 → |
| Swierk Computing Centre 2015 | Cooling | Poland | - | 423.16 TFlop/s | Bull now Atos | #155 → |
| Cartesius 2013-06 | Cooling | Netherlands | - | 1.09 PFlop/s | Bull now Atos | #46 → |
| Mira 2012-06 | Cooling | USA | - | 8.59 PFlop/s | IBM | #3 → |
| Sequoia 2012-06 | Cooling | USA | - | 17.17 PFlop/s | IBM | #1 → |
| SuperMUC 2012-06 | Cooling | Germany | - | 2.90 PFlop/s | IBM | #4 → |
| K computer 2011-06 | Cooling | Japan | - | 10.51 PFlop/s | Fujitsu | #1 → |
| Intrepid 2008-01 | Cooling | USA | - | 458.61 TFlop/s | IBM | #3 → |
| DAEDALUS | Cooling | Greece | - | 85.69 PFlop/s | Hewlett Packard Enterprise | #31 → |
| Shaheen III - GPU | Cooling | Saudi Arabia | - | 122.8 PFlop/s | Hewlett Packard Enterprise | #22 → |
| Alice Recoque | Cooling | France | - | - | Eviden now Atos | - |
| Blue Lion | Cooling | Germany | - | - | Hewlett Packard Enterprise | - |
| Santos Dumont | Cooling | Brazil | - | 14.29 PFlop/s | Eviden now Atos | #52 → |
| Crusoe Abilene Campus (Microsoft) | Cooling | USA | - | - | Crusoe | - |
| SuperMUC-NG Phase 2 | Cooling | Germany | - | 17.19 PFlop/s | Lenovo | #51 → |
“Units recorded” sums only the edges where a public source states a quantity. It is a floor, not a total, and should never be read as installed base.