Records
The extremes, as a timeline
Not who is fastest right now, who was, and for how long. Everything below comes from fields already on each system's own row; nothing here is a new fact. The first table is the one place this reads closest to a ranking, so it is worth being precise about what it is: only systems in this dataset that we have recorded as holding TOP500 rank 1, on the edition where that is true, the same stored pointer every system page already links out from. It is not a copy of any edition's table, and it has real gaps where no system in our dataset held #1 that edition.
From our stored TOP500 pointers
The fastest machine in the world, by edition
| Edition | System | Rmax |
|---|---|---|
| June 1993 | CM-5/1024 | 59.7 GFlop/s |
| November 1993 | Numerical Wind Tunnel | 124.0 GFlop/s |
| June 1994 | Intel Paragon XP/S 140 | 143.4 GFlop/s |
| November 1994 | Numerical Wind Tunnel | 124.0 GFlop/s |
| June 1995 | Numerical Wind Tunnel | 124.0 GFlop/s |
| November 1995 | Numerical Wind Tunnel | 124.0 GFlop/s |
| June 1996 | Hitachi SR2201/1024 | 220.4 GFlop/s |
| November 1996 | CP-PACS | 368.2 GFlop/s |
| June 1997 | ASCI Red | 1.07 TFlop/s |
| November 2000 | ASCI White | 4.94 TFlop/s |
| June 2002 | Earth Simulator | 35.86 TFlop/s |
| November 2004 | BlueGene/L | 478.20 TFlop/s |
| June 2008 | Roadrunner | 1.03 PFlop/s |
| November 2009 | Jaguar | 1.76 PFlop/s |
| November 2010 | Tianhe-1A | 2.57 PFlop/s |
| November 2011 | K computer | 10.51 PFlop/s |
| June 2012 | Sequoia | 17.17 PFlop/s |
| November 2012 | Titan | 17.59 PFlop/s |
| June 2013 | Tianhe-2A | 61.44 PFlop/s |
| June 2016 | Sunway TaihuLight | 93.01 PFlop/s |
| June 2018 | Summit | 148.6 PFlop/s |
| June 2020 | Fugaku | 442.0 PFlop/s |
| June 2022 | Frontier | 1.35 EFlop/s |
| November 2024 | El Capitan | 1.81 EFlop/s |
| June 2026 | LineShine | 2.20 EFlop/s |
Sourced individually on each system's own page; this table only reorders what is already there. An edition missing from this list is not necessarily one where a system in our dataset failed to reach #1, it may be one we have not yet recorded a pointer for.
From our own Rmax field, not a stored pointer
The fastest system running, year by year
Among systems in this dataset with a measured (not vendor-peak) result, live in a given year, the fastest. This fills years where no system in our dataset held the #1 pointer above but our own data still knows who was fastest among what we track.
| Years | System | Rmax |
|---|---|---|
| 1993-1995 | Intel Paragon XP/S 140 | 143.4 GFlop/s |
| 1996 | CP-PACS | 368.2 GFlop/s |
| 1997 | ASCI Red | 1.07 TFlop/s |
| 1998-1999 | ASCI Blue-Pacific | 2.14 TFlop/s |
| 2000-2001 | ASCI White | 4.94 TFlop/s |
| 2002-2003 | Earth Simulator | 35.86 TFlop/s |
| 2004-2006 | BlueGene/L | 478.20 TFlop/s |
| 2007 | HECToR | 660.24 TFlop/s |
| 2008-2010 | Pleiades | 5.95 PFlop/s |
| 2011 | K computer | 10.51 PFlop/s |
| 2012 | Titan | 17.59 PFlop/s |
| 2013-2015 | Tianhe-2A | 61.44 PFlop/s |
| 2016-2017 | Sunway TaihuLight | 93.01 PFlop/s |
| 2018-2019 | Summit | 148.6 PFlop/s |
| 2020-2021 | Fugaku | 442.0 PFlop/s |
| 2022-2023 | Frontier | 1.35 EFlop/s |
| 2024-2025 | El Capitan | 1.81 EFlop/s |
| 2026 | LineShine | 2.20 EFlop/s |
Rmax divided by power, in MW
The most power-efficient system running, year by year
Among systems with a measured result and a stated power figure, live in a given year, the highest PFlop/s per megawatt. See power and cooling for the installed-base view this record is drawn from.
| Years | System | PFlop/s per MW |
|---|---|---|
| 2004-2006 | BlueGene/L | 0.3 |
| 2007 | JUGENE | 0.4 |
| 2008-2010 | Pleiades | 1.4 |
| 2011 | Endeavor | 3.0 |
| 2012 | SANAM | 3.0 |
| 2013 | TSUBAME-KFC | 4.5 |
| 2014-2015 | L-CSC | 5.5 |
| 2016 | Sakura (PEZY) | 16.7 |
| 2017-2018 | Suiren2 | 16.8 |
| 2019 | A64FX Prototype | 16.9 |
| 2020 | MN-3 | 40.9 |
| 2021 | Frontier TDS | 62.2 |
| 2022-2023 | Henri | 65.4 |
| 2024 | JEDI | 66.9 |
| 2025-2026 | Otus | 68.3 |
Stated power draw
The largest power draw running, year by year
Among systems with a stated power figure, live in a given year, the highest.
| Years | System | Power |
|---|---|---|
| 1993-2003 | Cray-1 | 115 kW |
| 2004 | BlueGene/L | 1.43 MW |
| 2005 | ASC Purple | 1.67 MW |
| 2006-2007 | NASA Discover | 2.00 MW |
| 2008 | Pleiades | 4.41 MW |
| 2009-2010 | Jaguar | 6.95 MW |
| 2011-2012 | K computer | 12.66 MW |
| 2013-2019 | Tianhe-2A | 18.48 MW |
| 2020-2022 | Fugaku | 29.90 MW |
| 2023-2025 | Aurora | 38.70 MW |
| 2026 | LineShine | 42.22 MW |
Power is as reported by the operator or the ranking; the boundary it measures (compute only, or the whole facility) varies by source, so a run here is a record within this dataset, not a verified physical maximum.