{
  "source": "Compute Atlas",
  "generatedFrom": "2026-10-09",
  "license": "Derived facts, computed from https://computeatlas.net. Not a copy of any ranking; see https://computeatlas.net/methodology.",
  "count": 21,
  "facts": [
    {
      "id": "speed-growth",
      "topic": "Speed",
      "stat": "15,330,544x",
      "label": "faster in 33 years",
      "quote": "The fastest measured system in our dataset is 15,330,544 times faster than the fastest we hold from 1993: 2.20 EFlop/s for LineShine against 143.4 GFlop/s.",
      "method": "Largest measured Rmax among systems first operational in 1993 (CM-5/1024, Numerical Wind Tunnel, Intel Paragon XP/S 140, UTokyo HITAC S-3800/480) against the largest measured Rmax in the dataset (LineShine, 2026). Measured means a LINPACK result, not a vendor peak.",
      "href": "https://computeatlas.net/supercomputers/systems/lineshine",
      "hrefLabel": "LineShine",
      "permalink": "https://computeatlas.net/facts/speed-growth",
      "cardImage": "https://computeatlas.net/facts/speed-growth/card.svg"
    },
    {
      "id": "core-count",
      "topic": "Speed",
      "stat": "41.9M",
      "label": "cores in the largest system",
      "quote": "Sunway OceanLight has 41,930,000 cores. The smallest ranked system we track, UTokyo HITAC S-3800/480, has 4.",
      "method": "Core counts as reported on each system row; accelerator cores are included where the source counts them, so figures are comparable within a source and not always across.",
      "href": "https://computeatlas.net/supercomputers/systems/sunway-oceanlight",
      "hrefLabel": "Sunway OceanLight",
      "permalink": "https://computeatlas.net/facts/core-count",
      "cardImage": "https://computeatlas.net/facts/core-count/card.svg"
    },
    {
      "id": "hpl-efficiency",
      "topic": "Speed",
      "stat": "68% vs 79%",
      "label": "share of peak reached, GPU vs CPU-only",
      "quote": "On the LINPACK benchmark the median accelerated system in our dataset reaches 68% of its theoretical peak. The median CPU-only system reaches 79%.",
      "method": "Median of Rmax divided by Rpeak, both on the same row, across 359 accelerated and 363 CPU-only systems with a measured result. A system counts as accelerated if it has an accelerator component edge.",
      "href": "https://computeatlas.net/supercomputers/analysis/accelerator-share",
      "hrefLabel": "Accelerator share",
      "permalink": "https://computeatlas.net/facts/hpl-efficiency",
      "cardImage": "https://computeatlas.net/facts/hpl-efficiency/card.svg"
    },
    {
      "id": "number-ones",
      "topic": "Speed",
      "stat": "22",
      "label": "systems here reached #1 on the TOP500",
      "quote": "22 of the 1153 systems in our dataset reached number one on the TOP500 at some point: CM-5/1024, ASCI Red, Earth Simulator, BlueGene/L, Roadrunner, Jaguar and more.",
      "method": "Systems whose stored TOP500 pointer is rank 1. We store one pointer per system, on the edition where it ranked highest, so a system that held #1 shows once. Rank is a link-out pointer, not a copy of the list.",
      "href": "https://computeatlas.net/methodology",
      "hrefLabel": "Methodology",
      "permalink": "https://computeatlas.net/facts/number-ones",
      "cardImage": "https://computeatlas.net/facts/number-ones/card.svg"
    },
    {
      "id": "shadow-list",
      "topic": "Speed",
      "stat": "94% to 387%",
      "label": "unranked AI clusters vs every ranked system here",
      "quote": "Clusters that appear on no ranking anywhere add up to an estimated 94% to 387% of the combined LINPACK performance of every ranked system in our dataset. It is an estimate, bracketed by measured rates on the same chips.",
      "method": "The anchor-bracket-v1 estimator over 161 unranked systems that disclose an accelerator count, against the summed Rmax of 722 ranked systems. No vendor peak is multiplied by an assumed efficiency.",
      "href": "https://computeatlas.net/supercomputers/analysis/shadow-list",
      "hrefLabel": "The shadow list",
      "permalink": "https://computeatlas.net/facts/shadow-list",
      "cardImage": "https://computeatlas.net/facts/shadow-list/card.svg"
    },
    {
      "id": "biggest-draw",
      "topic": "Power",
      "stat": "100.00 MW",
      "label": "drawn by Cerebras Guyana AI Data Center",
      "quote": "Cerebras Guyana AI Data Center draws 100.00 MW, the most of any of the 439 systems in our dataset that disclose a power figure.",
      "method": "Largest powerKw on a system row, among the 439 rows that state one. Power is as reported by the operator or the ranking; the boundary it measures (compute only, or whole facility) varies by source.",
      "href": "https://computeatlas.net/supercomputers/systems/cerebras-guyana-ai-datacenter",
      "hrefLabel": "Cerebras Guyana AI Data Center",
      "permalink": "https://computeatlas.net/facts/biggest-draw",
      "cardImage": "https://computeatlas.net/facts/biggest-draw/card.svg"
    },
    {
      "id": "efficiency-gain",
      "topic": "Power",
      "stat": "97.5x",
      "label": "more LINPACK per megawatt",
      "quote": "The median system that came online in 2020 or later delivers 97.5 times the LINPACK performance per megawatt of the median system from before 2012 (26.2 against 0.3 PFlop/s per MW), across our dataset.",
      "method": "Rmax divided by power in MW for systems with a measured result and a stated power figure: the median of 152 systems first operational in 2020 or later against 51 first operational before 2012.",
      "href": "https://computeatlas.net/supercomputers/analysis/power-and-cooling",
      "hrefLabel": "Power and cooling",
      "permalink": "https://computeatlas.net/facts/efficiency-gain",
      "cardImage": "https://computeatlas.net/facts/efficiency-gain/card.svg"
    },
    {
      "id": "most-efficient",
      "topic": "Power",
      "stat": "68.3",
      "label": "PFlop/s per MW, the best in the dataset",
      "quote": "Otus is the most power-efficient system in our dataset on LINPACK: 68.3 PFlop/s for every megawatt.",
      "method": "Rmax divided by power in MW, over 427 systems that have both a measured result and a stated power figure.",
      "href": "https://computeatlas.net/supercomputers/systems/otus",
      "hrefLabel": "Otus",
      "permalink": "https://computeatlas.net/facts/most-efficient",
      "cardImage": "https://computeatlas.net/facts/most-efficient/card.svg"
    },
    {
      "id": "liquid-cooled",
      "topic": "Power",
      "stat": "91%",
      "label": "of running systems are liquid-cooled",
      "quote": "91% of the running systems in our dataset with a recorded cooling design use direct liquid or immersion cooling (58 of 64).",
      "method": "Running systems (operational or upgraded) with a cooling component edge, classified as liquid or immersion against air or other. 768 running systems have no cooling edge recorded and are left out of the denominator, so this describes systems whose cooling is documented, which skews toward newer machines.",
      "href": "https://computeatlas.net/supercomputers/analysis/power-and-cooling",
      "hrefLabel": "Power and cooling",
      "permalink": "https://computeatlas.net/facts/liquid-cooled",
      "cardImage": "https://computeatlas.net/facts/liquid-cooled/card.svg"
    },
    {
      "id": "biggest-site",
      "topic": "Power",
      "stat": "44.80 MW",
      "label": "at National Supercomputing Centre in Shenzhen",
      "quote": "National Supercomputing Centre in Shenzhen has the highest combined power draw of any site we track: 44.80 MW across its running systems.",
      "method": "Sum of powerKw over running systems at each site, using only systems that state a figure, so a site with undisclosed machines is understated.",
      "href": "https://computeatlas.net/supercomputers/sites/nscs-shenzhen",
      "hrefLabel": "National Supercomputing Centre in Shenzhen",
      "permalink": "https://computeatlas.net/facts/biggest-site",
      "cardImage": "https://computeatlas.net/facts/biggest-site/card.svg"
    },
    {
      "id": "country-share",
      "topic": "Geography",
      "stat": "38%",
      "label": "of running Rmax is in USA",
      "quote": "USA hosts 38% of the combined LINPACK performance of the running systems in our dataset. China is next with 13%.",
      "method": "Sum of Rmax over running systems, grouped by country. Our dataset is curated, not a census, and some countries' largest machines do not submit results, so treat this as the share of what is publicly measured in our sample.",
      "href": "https://computeatlas.net/supercomputers/map",
      "hrefLabel": "Map",
      "permalink": "https://computeatlas.net/facts/country-share",
      "cardImage": "https://computeatlas.net/facts/country-share/card.svg"
    },
    {
      "id": "coverage",
      "topic": "Geography",
      "stat": "1153",
      "label": "systems in 73 countries",
      "quote": "Compute Atlas tracks 1153 supercomputers across 73 countries, each with a named source and a stated confidence level.",
      "method": "Row count of systems.csv and the distinct country values on it.",
      "href": "https://computeatlas.net/supercomputers",
      "hrefLabel": "All systems",
      "permalink": "https://computeatlas.net/facts/coverage",
      "cardImage": "https://computeatlas.net/facts/coverage/card.svg"
    },
    {
      "id": "nvidia-share",
      "topic": "Supply chain",
      "stat": "80%",
      "label": "of accelerated systems use NVIDIA",
      "quote": "528 of the 664 accelerated systems in our dataset (80%) use NVIDIA accelerators.",
      "method": "Systems with an accelerator component edge whose supplier rolls up to NVIDIA today, over all systems with any accelerator edge, across all years and statuses.",
      "href": "https://computeatlas.net/supercomputers/analysis/accelerator-share",
      "hrefLabel": "Accelerator share",
      "permalink": "https://computeatlas.net/facts/nvidia-share",
      "cardImage": "https://computeatlas.net/facts/nvidia-share/card.svg"
    },
    {
      "id": "running-flops-by-vendor",
      "topic": "Supply chain",
      "stat": "54% / 38%",
      "label": "of running accelerated Rmax, NVIDIA / AMD",
      "quote": "Of the LINPACK performance running on accelerators in our dataset, 54% is on NVIDIA and 38% on AMD.",
      "method": "Rmax summed over running systems with an accelerator edge, split by the accelerator's owner today. A system with both vendors would count in both, so the two can total slightly over 100%.",
      "href": "https://computeatlas.net/supercomputers/analysis/accelerator-share",
      "hrefLabel": "Accelerator share",
      "permalink": "https://computeatlas.net/facts/running-flops-by-vendor",
      "cardImage": "https://computeatlas.net/facts/running-flops-by-vendor/card.svg"
    },
    {
      "id": "acquired-suppliers",
      "topic": "Supply chain",
      "stat": "13%",
      "label": "of supplier links point to a company since acquired",
      "quote": "13% of the supplier relationships in our dataset (536 of 4258) are with a company that has since been bought.",
      "method": "Component edges whose supplier has a parent company recorded in companies.csv, over all component edges. The parent is the owner today; the supplier named is the one at build time.",
      "href": "https://computeatlas.net/graph",
      "hrefLabel": "Supply-chain explorer",
      "permalink": "https://computeatlas.net/facts/acquired-suppliers",
      "cardImage": "https://computeatlas.net/facts/acquired-suppliers/card.svg"
    },
    {
      "id": "top-integrator",
      "topic": "Supply chain",
      "stat": "26%",
      "label": "of systems were built by Hewlett Packard Enterprise",
      "quote": "Hewlett Packard Enterprise, counting the companies it has acquired, built 261 of the 1003 systems in our dataset with a recorded integrator (26%). The next, Dell Technologies, built 108.",
      "method": "Systems with an integrator component edge, grouped by the integrator's owner today, so Cray and SGI count toward HPE. Systems with no integrator recorded are excluded.",
      "href": "https://computeatlas.net/supercomputers/analysis/public-market-exposure",
      "hrefLabel": "Public-market exposure",
      "permalink": "https://computeatlas.net/facts/top-integrator",
      "cardImage": "https://computeatlas.net/facts/top-integrator/card.svg"
    },
    {
      "id": "widest-reach",
      "topic": "Supply chain",
      "stat": "62%",
      "label": "of systems contain a NVIDIA part",
      "quote": "NVIDIA supplies at least one component to 715 of the 1153 systems in our dataset (62%), more than any other company.",
      "method": "Distinct systems with at least one component edge whose supplier rolls up to the company today, in any role.",
      "href": "https://computeatlas.net/graph",
      "hrefLabel": "Supply-chain explorer",
      "permalink": "https://computeatlas.net/facts/widest-reach",
      "cardImage": "https://computeatlas.net/facts/widest-reach/card.svg"
    },
    {
      "id": "announce-to-first-light",
      "topic": "Timing",
      "stat": "7 months",
      "label": "median from announcement to first operation",
      "quote": "The median supercomputer in our dataset took 7 months from announcement to first operation. The fastest, Albert2, took under a month. The slowest, Aurora, took 107.",
      "method": "Months between announcedDate and firstOperationalDate for 219 systems that record both.",
      "href": "https://computeatlas.net/supercomputers/analysis/announcement-to-first-light",
      "hrefLabel": "Announcement to first light",
      "permalink": "https://computeatlas.net/facts/announce-to-first-light",
      "cardImage": "https://computeatlas.net/facts/announce-to-first-light/card.svg"
    },
    {
      "id": "service-life",
      "topic": "Timing",
      "stat": "6 years",
      "label": "median service life of a retired system",
      "quote": "The median retired supercomputer in our dataset ran for 6 years. The longest-serving, Pleiades, ran for 18.",
      "method": "Whole years between first operation and decommissioning, over 117 decommissioned systems that record both. Systems still running are excluded, which biases this figure low.",
      "href": "https://computeatlas.net/supercomputers/analysis/silicon-generation-decay",
      "hrefLabel": "Silicon generation decay",
      "permalink": "https://computeatlas.net/facts/service-life",
      "cardImage": "https://computeatlas.net/facts/service-life/card.svg"
    },
    {
      "id": "verified-share",
      "topic": "Data quality",
      "stat": "20%",
      "label": "of systems are verified by two independent sources",
      "quote": "Only 20% of the systems in our dataset (234 of 1153) clear our verified bar: two independent organisations naming the same specific fact. The rest are marked reported or estimated.",
      "method": "Count of systems with confidence = verified. Verified requires two independent organisations; a page that copies a press release is not independent.",
      "href": "https://computeatlas.net/methodology",
      "hrefLabel": "Methodology",
      "permalink": "https://computeatlas.net/facts/verified-share",
      "cardImage": "https://computeatlas.net/facts/verified-share/card.svg"
    },
    {
      "id": "sources-disagree",
      "topic": "Data quality",
      "stat": "51",
      "label": "open conflicts between sources",
      "quote": "Across 41 systems, we have logged 51 facts where two credible sources give different answers, with both sides linked. We leave the field blank rather than pick one.",
      "method": "Open rows on the open-questions board. Each has two sources that disagree on one specific field.",
      "href": "https://computeatlas.net/open-questions",
      "hrefLabel": "Where sources disagree",
      "permalink": "https://computeatlas.net/facts/sources-disagree",
      "cardImage": "https://computeatlas.net/facts/sources-disagree/card.svg"
    }
  ]
}